1609

Although Henry Hudson was not the first discoverer of the waters to which
his name was given, he was a bold sailor whose achievements justly gave him
rank with the foremost navigators and explorers of his time. He was well
versed in scientific navigation. His first recorded voyage was made in the
service of the Muscovy or Russia Company of England in 1607. His object was
to find a passage across the north pole to the Spice Islands (Moluccas), in
the Malay Archipelago. Though failing in this purpose, he reached a higher
latitude than had before been attained by any navigator.

His next venture (1608), for the same company, was for "finding a passage
to the East Indies by the northeast," but he failed to pass in that direction
beyond Nova Zembla, and returned to England. These two failures discouraged
the Muscovy Company, but did not daunt Henry Hudson. Again he determined to
sail the northern seas, and the story of his third great voyage and its
results is here given to the reader.

Hudson, whose mind was completely bent upon making the discovery which he
had undertaken, now sought employment from the Dutch East India Company. The
fame of his adventures had already reached Holland, and he had received from
the Dutch the appellations of the bold Englishman, the expert pilot, the
famous navigator. The company were generally in favor of accepting the offer
of his services, though the scheme was strongly opposed by Balthazar
Moucheron, one of their number, who had some acquaintance with the arctic
seas. They accordingly gave him the command of a small vessel, named the Half
Moon, with a crew of twenty men, Dutch and English, among whom was Robert
Juet, who had accompanied him as mate on his second voyage. The journal of
the present voyage, which is published in Purchas' Pilgrims, was written by
Juet.

He sailed from Amsterdam March 25, 1609, and doubled the North Cape in
about a month. His object was to pass through the Vaygats, or perhaps to the
north of Nova Zembla, and thus reach China by the northeast passage. But
after contending for more than a fortnight with head winds, continual fogs,
and ice, and finding it impossible to reach even the coast of Nova Zembla, he
determined to abandon this plan, and endeavor to discover a passage by the
northwest. He accordingly directed his course westerly, doubled the North
Cape again, and in a few days saw a part of the western coast of Norway, in
the latitude of 68 degrees. From this point he sailed for the Faroe Islands,
where he arrived about the end of May.

Having replenished his water-casks at one of these islands he again
hoisted sail, and steered southwest, in the hope of making Buss Island, which
had been discovered by Sir Martin Frobisher, in 1578, as he wished to
ascertain if it was correctly laid down on the chart. As he did not succeed
in finding it, he continued this course for nearly a month, having much severe
weather and a succession of gales, in one of which the foremast was carried
away. Having arrived at the 45th degree of latitude, he judged it best to
shape his course westward, with the intention of making Newfoundland. While
proceeding in this direction he one day saw a vessel standing to the eastward,
and wishing to speak her he put the ship about and gave chase; but finding as
night came on that he could not overtake her he resumed the westerly course
again.

On July 2nd he had soundings on the Grand Bank of Newfoundland, and saw a
whole fleet of Frenchmen fishing there. Being on soundings for several days
he determined to try his luck at fishing; and the weather falling calm he set
the whole crew at work to so much purpose that, in the course of the morning,
they took between one and two hundred very large cod. After two or three days
of calm the wind sprang up again, and he continued his course westward till
the 12th, when he first had sight of the coast of North America. The fog was
so thick, however, that he did not venture nearer the coast for several days;
but at length, the weather clearing up, he ran into a bay at the mouth of a
large river, in the latitude of 44 degrees. This was Penobscot Bay, on the
coast of Maine.

He already had some notion of the kind of inhabitants he was to find
here, for a few days before he had been visited by six savages, who came on
board in a very friendly manner and ate and drank with him. He found that
from their intercourse with the French traders they had learned a few words of
their language. Soon after coming to anchor he was visited by several of the
natives, who appeared very harmless and inoffensive; and in the afternoon two
boats full of them came to the ship, bringing beaver-skins and other fine
furs, which they wished to exchange for articles of dress. They offered no
violence whatever, though we find in Juet's journal constant expressions of
distrust, apparently without foundation.

They remained in this bay long enough to cut and rig a new foremast, and
being now ready for sea the men were sent on shore upon an expedition that
disgraced the whole company. What Hudson's sentiments or motives with regard
to this transaction were we can only conjecture from a general knowledge of
his character, as we have no account of it from himself. But it seems highly
probable that, if he did not project it, he at least gave his consent to its
perpetration. The account is in the words of Juet, as follows: "In the
morning we manned our scute with four muskets and six men, and took one of
their shallops and brought it aboard. Then we manned our boat and scute with
twelve men and muskets, and two stone pieces, or murderers, and drave the
salvages from their houses, and took the spoil of them, as they would have
done us." After this exploit they returned to the ship and set sail
immediately. It does not appear from the journal that the natives had ever
offered them any harm or given any provocation for so wanton an act. The
writer only asserts that they would have done it if they could. No plea is
more commonly used to justify tyranny and cruelty than the supposed bad
intentions of the oppressed.

He now continued southward along the coast of America. It appears that
Hudson had been informed by his friend, Captain John Smith, that there was a
passage to the western Pacific Ocean south of Virginia, and that, when he had
proved the impossibility of going by the northeast, he had offered his crew
the choice either to explore this passage spoken of by Captain John Smith or
to seek the northwest passage by going through Davis Strait. Many of the men
had been in the East India service, and in the habit of sailing in tropical
climates, and were consequently very unwilling to endure the severities of a
high northern latitude. It was therefore voted that they should go in search
of the passage to the south of Virginia.

In a few days they saw land extending north, and terminating in a
remarkable headland, which he recognized to be Cape Cod. Wishing to double
the headland, he sent some of the men in the boat to sound along the shore,
before venturing nearer with the ship. The water was five fathoms deep within
bowshot of the shore, and, landing, they found, as the journal informs us,
"goodly grapes and rose-trees," which they brought on board with them. He then
weighed anchor and advanced as far as the northern extremity of the headland.
Here he heard the voice of someone calling to them, and, thinking it possible
some unfortunate European might have been left there, he immediately
despatched some of the men to the shore. They found only a few savages; but,
as these appeared very friendly, they brought one of them on board, where they
gave him refreshments and also a present of three or four glass buttons, with
which he seemed greatly delighted. The savages were observed to have green
tobacco and pipes, the bowls of which were made of clay and the stems of red
copper.

The wind not being favorable for passing west of this headland into the
bay, Hudson determined to explore the coast farther south, and the next day he
saw the southern point of Cape Cod, which had been discovered and named by
Bartholomew Gosnold in the year 1602. He passed in sight of Nantucket and
Martha's Vineyard, and continued a southerly course till the middle of August,
when he arrived at the entrance of Chesapeake Bay. "This," says the writer of
the journal, "is the entrance into the King's river, in Virginia, where our
Englishmen are." The colony, under the command of Newport, consisting of one
hundred five persons, among whom were Smith, Gosnold, Wingfield, and
Ratcliffe, had arrived here a little more than two years before, and if Hudson
could have landed he would have enjoyed the satisfaction of seeing and
conversing with his own countrymen, and in his own language, in the midst of
the forests of the New World. But the wind was blowing a gale from the
northeast, and, probably dreading a shore with which he was unacquainted, he
made no attempt to find them.

He continued to ply to the south for several days, till he reached the
latitude of 35 degrees 41 minutes, when he again changed his course to the
north. It is highly probable that if the journal of the voyage had been kept
by Hudson himself we should have been informed of his reasons for changing the
southerly course at this point. The cause, however, is not difficult to
conjecture. He had gone far enough to ascertain that the information given
him by Captain Smith with respect to a passage into the Pacific south of
Virginia was incorrect, and he probably did not think it worth while to spend
more time in so hopeless a search. He therefore retraced his steps, and on
August 28th discovered Delaware Bay, where he examined the currents,
soundings, and the appearance of the shores, without attempting to land. From
this anchorage he coasted northward, the shore appearing low, like sunken
ground, dotted with islands, till September 2d, when he saw the highlands of
Navesink, which, the journalist remarks, "is a very good land to fall with and
a pleasant land to see."

The entrance into the southern waters of New York is thus described in
the journal: "At three of the clock in the afternoon we came to three great
rivers. So we stood along to the northern-most, thinking to have gone into
it, but we found it to have a very shoal bar before it, for we had but ten
foot water. Then we cast about to the southward and found two fathoms, three
fathoms, and three and a quarter, till we came to the southern side of them;
then we had five and six fathoms, and anchored. So we sent in our boat to
sound, and they found no less water than four, five, six, and seven fathoms,
and returned in an hour and a half. So we weighed and went in and rode in
five fathoms, oozy ground, and saw many salmons, and mullets, and rays very
great." The next morning having ascertained by sending in the boat that there
was a very good harbor before him, he ran in and anchored at two cables'
length from the shore. This was within Sandy Hook Bay.

He was very soon visited by the natives, who came on board his vessel,
and seemed to be greatly rejoiced at his arrival among them. They brought
green tobacco, which they desired to exchange for knives and beads, and Hudson
observed that they had copper pipes and ornaments of copper. They also
appeared to have plenty of maize, from which they made good bread. Their dress
was of deerskins, well cured, and hanging loosely about them. There is a
tradition that some of his men, being sent out to fish, landed on Coney
Island. They found the soil sandy, but supporting a vast number of plum-trees
loaded with fruit, and grapevines growing round them.

The next day, the men, being sent in the boat to explore the bay still
farther, landed, probably on the Jersey shore, where they were very kindly
received by the savages, who gave them plenty of tobacco. They found the land
covered with large oaks. Several of the natives also came on board, dressed
in mantles of feathers and fine furs. Among the presents they brought were
dried currants, which were found extremely palatable.

Soon afterward five of the men were sent in the boat to examine the north
side of the bay and sound the river, which was perceived at the distance of
four leagues. They passed through the Narrows, sounding all along, and saw "a
narrow river to the westward, between two islands," supposed to be Staten
Island and Bergen Neck. They described the land as covered with trees, grass,
and flowers, and filled with delightful fragrance. On their return to the ship
they were assaulted by two canoes; one contained twelve and the other fourteen
savages. It was nearly dark, and the rain which was falling had extinguished
their match, so that they could only trust to their oars for escape. One of
the men, John Colman, who had accompanied Hudson on his first voyage, was
killed by an arrow shot into his throat, and two more were wounded. The
darkness probably saved them from the savages, but at the same time it
prevented their finding the vessel, so that they did not return till the next
day, when they appeared, bringing the body of their comrade. Hudson ordered
him to be carried on shore and buried, and named the place, in memory of the
event, Colman's Point.

He now expected an attack from the natives, and accordingly hoisted in
the boat and erected a sort of bulwark along the sides of the vessel, for the
better defence. But these precautions were needless. Several of the natives
came on board, but in a friendly manner, wishing to exchange tobacco and
Indian corn for the trifles which the sailors could spare them. They did not
appear to know anything of the affray which had taken place. But the day
after two large canoes came off to the vessel, the one filled with armed men,
the other under the pretence of trading. Hudson, however, would only allow
two of the savages to come on board, keeping the rest at a distance. The two
who came on board were detained, and Hudson dressed them up in red coats; the
remainder returned to the shore. Presently another canoe, with two men in it,
came to the vessel. Hudson also detained one of these, probably wishing to
keep him as a hostage, but he very soon jumped overboard and swam to the
shore. On the 11th Hudson sailed through the Narrows and anchored in New York
Bay.

He prepared to explore the magnificent river which came rolling its
waters into the sea from unknown regions. Whither he would be conducted in
tracing its course he could form no conjecture. A hope may be supposed to
have entered his mind that the long-desired passage to the Indies was now at
length discovered; that here was to be the end of his toils; that here, in
this mild climate, and amid these pleasant scenes, was to be found that object
which he had sought in vain through the snows and ice of the Arctic zone.
With a glad heart, then, he weighed anchor on September 12th, and commenced
his memorable voyage up that majestic stream which now bears his name.

The wind only allowed him to advance a few miles the first two days of
the voyage, but the time which he was obliged to spend at anchor was fully
occupied in trading with the natives, who came off from the shore in great
numbers, bringing oysters and vegetables. He observed that they had copper
pipes, and earthen vessels to cook their meat in. They seemed very harmless
and well disposed, but the crew were unwilling to trust these appearances, and
would not allow any of them to come on board. The next day, a fine breeze
springing up from the southeast, he was able to make great progress, so that
he anchored at night nearly forty miles from the place of starting in the
morning. He observes that "here the land grew very high and mountainous," so
that he had undoubtedly anchored in the midst of the fine scenery of the
Highlands.

When he awoke in the morning he found heavy mist overhanging the river
and its shores and concealing the summits of the mountains. But it was
dispelled by the sun in a short time, and taking advantage of a fair wind he
weighed anchor and continued the voyage. A little circumstance occurred this
morning which was destined to be afterward painfully remembered. The two
savages, whom he held as hostages, made their escape through the portholes of
the vessel and swam to the shore, and as soon as the ship was under sail they
took pains to express their indignation at the treatment they had received, by
uttering loud and angry cries. Toward night he came to other mountains,
which, he says, "lie from the river's side," and anchored, it is supposed,
near the present site of Catskill Landing. "There," says the journal, "we
found very loving people and very old men, where we were well used. Our boat
went to fish and caught great store of very good fish."

The next morning, September 16th, the men were sent again to catch fish,
but were not so successful as they had been the day before, in consequence of
the savages having been there in their canoes all night. A large number of
the natives came off to the ship, bringing Indian corn, pumpkins, and tobacco.
The day was consumed in trading with the natives and in filling the casks with
fresh water, so that they did not weigh anchor till toward night. After
sailing about five miles, finding the water shoal, they came to anchor,
probably near the spot where the city of Hudson now stands. The weather was
hot, and Hudson determined to set his men at work in the cool of the morning.
He accordingly, on the 17th, weighed anchor at dawn and ran up the river about
fifteen miles, when, finding shoals and small islands, he thought it best to
anchor again. Toward night the vessel, having drifted near the shore,
grounded in shoal water, but was easily drawn off by carrying out the small
anchor. She was aground again in a short time in the channel, but, the tide
rising, she floated off.

The two days following he advanced only about five miles, being much
occupied by his intercourse with the natives. Being in the neighborhood of
the present town of Castleton, he went on shore, where he was very kindly
received by an old savage, "the governor of the country," who took him to his
house, and gave him the best cheer he could. At his anchorage also, five
miles above this place, the natives came flocking on board, bringing a great
variety of articles, such as grapes, pumpkins, beaver and otter skins, which
they exchanged for beads, knives, and hatchets or whatever trifles the sailors
could spare them. The next day was occupied in exploring the river, four men
being sent in the boat, under the command of the mate, for that purpose. They
ascended several miles and found the channel narrow and in some places only
two fathoms deep, but after that seven or eight fathoms. In the afternoon
they returned to the ship. Hudson resolved to pursue the examination of the
channel on the following morning, but was interrupted by the number of natives
who came on board. Finding that he was not likely to gain any progress this
day, he sent the carpenter ashore to prepare a new foreyard, and in the mean
time prepared to make an extraordinary experiment on board.

From the whole tenor of the journal it is evident that great distrust was
entertained by Hudson and his men toward the natives. He now determined to
ascertain, by intoxicating some of the chiefs, and thus throwing them off
their guard, whether they were plotting any treachery. He accordingly invited
several of them into the cabin and gave them plenty of brandy to drink. One
of these men had his wife with him, who, the journal informs us, "sate so
modestly as any one of our countrywomen would do in a strange place"; but the
men had less delicacy, and were soon quite merry with the brandy. One of
them, who had been on board from the first arrival of the ship, was completely
intoxicated, and fell sound asleep, to the great astonishment of his
companions, who probably feared that he had been poisoned, for they all took
to their canoes and made for the shore, leaving their unlucky comrade on
board. Their anxiety for his welfare, however, soon induced them to return,
and they brought a quantity of beads, which they gave him, perhaps to enable
him to purchase his freedom from the spell that had been laid upon him.

The poor savage slept quietly all night, and when his friends came to
visit him the next morning they found him quite well. This restored their
confidence, so that they came to the ship again in crowds, in the afternoon,
bringing various presents for Hudson. Their visit, which was one of unusual
ceremony, is thus described in the journal: "So, at three of the clock in the
afternoon, they came aboard and brought tobacco and more beads and gave them
to our master, and made an oration, and showed him all the country round
about. Then they sent one of their company on land, who presently returned
and brought a great platter full of venison, dressed by themselves, and they
caused him to eat with them. Then they made him reverence, and departed, all
save the old man that lay aboard."

At night the mate returned in the boat, having been sent again to explore
the river. He reported that he had ascended eight or nine leagues, and found
but seven feet of water and irregular soundings.

It was evidently useless to attempt to ascend the river any farther with
the ship, and Hudson therefore determined to return. We may well imagine that
he was satisfied already with the result of the voyage, even supposing him to
have been disappointed in not finding here a passage to the Indies. He had
explored a great and navigable river to the distance of nearly a hundred forty
miles; he had found the country along the banks extremely fertile, the climate
delightful, and the scenery displaying every variety of beauty and grandeur;
and he knew that he had opened the way for his patrons to possessions which
might prove of inestimable value.

It is supposed that the highest place which the Half Moon reached in the
river was the neighborhood of the present site of Albany, and that the boats
being sent out to explore ascended as high as Waterford, and probably some
distance beyond. The voyage down the river was not more expeditious than it
had been in ascending; the prevalent winds were southerly, and for several
days the ship could advance but very slowly. The time, however, passed
agreeably in making excursions on the shore, where they found "good ground for
corn and other garden herbs, with a great store of goodly oaks and
walnut-trees, and chestnut-trees, ewe-trees and trees of sweetwood in great
abundance, and great store of slate for houses, and other good stones"; or in
receiving visits from the natives, who came on the ship in numbers. While
Hudson was at anchor near the spot where the city bearing his name now stands,
two canoes came from the place where the scene of the intoxication had
occurred, and in one of them was the old man who had been the sufferer under
the strange experiment. He brought another old man with him, who presented
Hudson with a string of beads, and "showed all the country there about, as
though it were at his command." Hudson entertained them at dinner, with four
of their women, and in the afternoon dismissed them with presents.

He continued the voyage down the river, taking advantage of wind and tide
as he could, and employing the time when at anchor in fishing or in trading
with the natives, who came to the ship nearly every day, till on October 1st
he anchored near Stony Point.

The vessel was no sooner perceived from the shore to be stationary than a
party of the native mountaineers came off in their canoes to visit it, and
were filled with wonder at everything it contained. While the attention of
the crew was taken up with their visitors upon deck, one of the savages
managed to run his canoe under the stern and, climbing up the rudder, found
his way into the cabin by the window, where, having seized a pillow and a few
articles of wearing-apparel, he made off with them in the canoe. The mate
detected him as he fled, fired at and killed him. Upon this, all the other
savages departed with the utmost precipitation, some taking to their canoes
and others plunging into the water. The boat was manned, and sent after the
stolen goods, which were easily recovered; but as the men were returning to
the vessel, one of the savages, who were in the water, seized hold of the keel
of the boat, with the intention, as was supposed, of upsetting it. The cook
took a sword and lopped his hand off, and the poor wretch immediately sank.
They then weighed anchor and advanced about five miles.

The next day Hudson descended about seven leagues and anchored. Here he
was visited in a canoe by one of the two savages who had escaped from the ship
as he was going up. But fearing treachery, he would not allow him or his
companions to come on board. Two canoes filled with armed warriors then came
under the stern and commenced an attack with arrows. The men fired at them
with their muskets and killed three of them. More than a hundred savages now
came down upon the nearest point of land to shoot at the vessel. One of the
cannon was brought to bear upon these warriors, and at the first discharge two
of them were killed and the rest fled to the woods.

The savages were not yet discouraged. They had doubtless been instigated
to make this attack by the two who escaped near West Point, and who had
probably incited their countrymen by the story of their imprisonment, as well
as by representing to them the value of the spoil, if they could capture the
vessel, and the small number of men who guarded it. Nine or ten of the
boldest warriors now threw themselves into a canoe and put off toward the
ship, but a shot from the cannon made a hole in the canoe and killed one of
the men. This was followed by a discharge of musketry, which destroyed three
or four more. This put an end to the battle, and in the evening, having
descended about five miles, Hudson anchored in a part of the river out of the
reach of his enemies, probably near Hoboken.

Hudson had now explored the bay of New York and the noble stream which
pours into it from the north. For his employers he had secured a possession
which would beyond measure reward them for the expense they had incurred in
fitting out the expedition. For himself he had gained a name that was
destined to live in the gratitude of a great nation through unnumbered
generations. Happy in the result of his labors and in the brilliant promise
they afforded, he spread his sails again for the Old World on October 4th, and
in a little more than a month arrived safely at Dartmouth, in England.

The journal kept by Juet ends abruptly at this place. The question
therefore immediately arises whether Hudson pursued his voyage to Holland, or
whether he remained in England and sent the vessel home. Several Dutch
authors assert that Hudson was not allowed, after reaching England, to pursue
his voyage to Amsterdam; and this seems highly probable when we remember the
well-known jealousy with which the maritime enterprises of the Dutch were
regarded by King James.

Whether Hudson went to Holland himself or not, it seems clear from
various circumstances that he secured to the Dutch Company all the benefits of
his discoveries, by sending to them his papers and charts. It is worthy of
note that the earliest histories of this voyage, with the exception of Juet's
journal, were published by Dutch authors. Moreover, Hudson's own journal, or
some portion of it at least, was in Holland, and was used by De Laet
previously to the publication of Juet's journal in Purchas' Pilgrims. But the
most substantial proof that the Dutch enjoyed the benefit of his discoveries
earlier than any other nation, is the fact that the very next year they were
trading in Hudson River, which it is not probable would have happened if they
had not had possession of Hudson's charts and journal.